Reading evidence without the hype

A cell-culture or animal study is a starting point, not a conclusion. Small, short human trials are better but easily over-read. What you want is consistent results across several controlled human trials — and even then, effects are usually modest.

When you see a bold claim, ask: was this shown in humans, at a sensible dose, in people like you?

An ingredient is only as good as its dose. A formula can list an impressive-sounding component and include a fraction of the studied amount — common with proprietary blends that hide the numbers. If the amount isn't on the label, treat the claim with suspicion.

This is why our Dictionary lists effective dose ranges next to every ingredient: so you can check a product against the research it leans on.